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Medical Glossary of Hepatitis C Terms
Medical Glossary of Hepatitis C Terms
AAbdomen Abdominal ABSTRACT: a written summary of the important points of a medical article. ACCELERATED APPROVAL: FDA regulations governing early marketing approval of promising drugs for life-threatening illnesses. ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS): a syndrome characterized by
suppression of the immune system, rendering the body susceptible to various
illnesses; the late, symptomatic stage of HIV disease. Acetaminophen Acute ACUTE HEPATITIS: the initial stage of viral hepatitis following infection. In HCV, acute hepatitis refers to the first six months of infection ADHERENCE: following a prescribed treatment regimen, including correct dosage, timing, and number of doses per day.
an undesired action or effect of a drug or other treatment. Aflatoxin : a fungal toxin which is a powerful liver carcinogen (a substance that causes cancer). ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS - Hepatitis with unique pathologic liver injury varying widely in severity and caused by chronic, heavy alcohol ingestion Alimentary canalcontinuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus in which food is processed and eliminated Albumin : is the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total). It is synthesized by liver. It have three main functions :
Albumin decrease when production decreases (liver disease,
malnutrition) or loss increases (kidney disease). ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (ALT; formerly SGPT): an enzyme (also called alanine transaminase) produced in the liver when the membranes of liver cells break down. ALT levels are measured to help assess the degree of liver damage and determine how well HCV treatment is working. A normal level is below 48 IU/L ALBUFERON (albumin-interferon alpha 2b): a form of time-released interferon under study to treat chronic HCV. Developed by Human Gnome Sciences. ALBUMIN: a blood protein produced by the liver that plays a role in maintaining normal blood volume. A low albumin level is associated with liver cirrhosis. A normal level is 3.2-5.0g.
brand name of human leukocyte-derived interferon-alpha-n3, produced by ISI Pharmaceuticals. Alkaline phosphatase: protein found in bile duct cell membranes; blood levels may be increased in any liver disease, but more markedly with cholestasis. Abnormal alkaline phosphatase levels are associated with liver disease and bone and muscle damage. A normal level is 35-125 IU/L.
a transplant of genetically matched
cells, tissues, or organs between two members of the same species. a protein, measurable in the blood, that is often elevated in people with liver cancer. It's elevated (normal value <15 ng/ml) in:
Ammonia : is a toxic by-product of protein metabolism that is transformed in urea (non toxic) by liver cells. In advanced liver diseases there is a build-up of ammonia, due to liver dysfunction. (normal value <50 mg/dl). AMPLICOR/COBALT AMPLICOR: brand name of a PCR-based viral load test for HCV and HIV ANECDOTAL: evidence based on reports of specific individual cases rather than controlled clinical studies
Anemia ANESTHESIA
(adjective ANESTHETIC): an agent that controls
pain. Localized anesthesia blocks pain in a given area; general
anesthesia produces unconsciousness.
an abnormally stretched, dilated section of a
blood vessel that is prone to bursting.
chest pain that occurs when the heart muscle
receives inadequate oxygen.
an agent that kills or inhibits the growth of
bacteria.
a protein produced by plasma cells (a type of
immune system white blood cell) when they encounter foreign invaders.
Specific antibodies bind to specific invaders, or antigens, and target
them for destruction. The presence of antibodies indicates current
infection with or past exposure to a pathogen.
the presence in the blood of antibodies against a
specific pathogen such as HCV.
an assay that detects the presence of antibodies
in a blood sample; ELISA and RIBA tests are used to detect HCV
antibodies.
a drug that reduces or delays blood coagulation or
clotting.
a drug that prevents or reduces convulsions or
seizures.
a drug that elevates the mood and alleviates
mental depression. There are several types, including selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), MAO inhibitors, and tricyclics.
a drug that relieves nausea and vomiting.
a drug or other agent than prevents or reduces the
development of liver fibrosis or cirrhosis.
any agent or substance that stimulates an immune
response. Antigens are often foreign invaders such as bacteria or
viruses. a drug that blocks the action of histamine, a chemical messenger in the body. Antihistamines are used to prevent or alleviate allergic reactions and to reduce stomach acid production. ANTI-NUCLEAR ANTIBODY TEST - ANA Laboratory test, when positive suggests the presence of some form of autoimmune illness.
ANTIOXIDANT: a substance that reduces oxidation by
binding with and neutralizing free radicals. The body produces natural
antioxidants, and they are also available in foods and dietary
supplements (e.g., vitamin E, selenium).
Artery
examination of arteries (after injection of
a dye) to look for damage and blockages.
accumulation of fluid in the abdominal
(peritoneal) cavity. Ascites may be a symptom of advanced liver disease
with decompensated cirrhosis.
an enzyme (also called aspartate transaminase)
produced in the liver. When liver cells are damaged, AST is released.
Elevated levels may indicate liver disease, but are also seen in people
with muscle damage. A normal level is below 42 IU/L.
a test, especially one used to detect the presence
or amount of an agent in the blood or body tissues.
an herb used to stimulate the immune system. It is
an ingredient in many Chinese herbal formulas.
a method of analyzing the results of a clinical
trial that includes only participants who successfully complete a course
of the treatment, excluding those who drop out early. Contrast with
intent-to-treat analysis.
not feeling or showing outward symptoms or signs
of a disease.
a condition in which blood vessels harden and
loose their elasticity due to the build-up of fatty material (plaques).
an antibody that targets the body's own tissues.
a condition in which a person's immune system
produces antibodies that attack the body's own tissues. Several
conditions associated with advanced hepatitis C (e.g., lichen planus,
Sjögren's syndrome) appear to have an autoimmune aspect.
an inflammatory, autoimmune condition in which the
immune system attacks the thyroid gland. without obvious signs or symptoms of disease. AZATHIOPRINE - Drug marketed with trade name Imuran. Used to treat a number of diseases of unknown or autoimmune cause. Also used to treat organ transplant recipients to help prevent graft rejection. Ba simple single-celled microorganism. Bacteria
are classified by their shape (e.g., rod, spirochete), staining
properties (Gram positive or Gram negative) and habitat (aerobic,
anaerobic). an initial or known value (e.g., ALT level, HCV viral load) against which later measurements can be compared. Basophils : are a type of granulocytes with large basophilic granules that contain histamine. They are not phagocytic.
a type of immune system white blood cell.
B-cells mature into plasma cells that produce antibodies. a written, self-report questionnaire used to
gauge clinical depression. a disease that presents as ulcerations in the
eyes, mouth and genitals but can affect any organ of the body. a mild, non-lethal illness, especially a
non-cancerous tumor. Contrast with malignant. in a clinical trial, a false association that
results from to the failure to account for some skewing or influencing
factor. a greenish-yellow fluid secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile contains cholesterol, lecithin, water, bile salts and waste products such as bilirubin and some drugs. Bile salts allow the digestion and the intestinal absorption of fats and then of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K).
Bile duct BILIRUBIN:
a yellowish pigment released when red blood cells
are broken down. Normally bilirubin is processed and excreted by the
liver. An excess level of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia)
may indicate liver damage, and can lead to jaundice (yellowing of the
skin and whites of the eyes), pale-colored stools, and dark urine. A
normal bilirubin level is below 1.3mg.
a protein synthesized by the liver that binds to
and transports substances such as vitamins, minerals, hormones, and
fats.
the degree to which a drug or other substance is
absorbed and circulated in the body.
a favorable response to treatment as indicated by
normalization of blood values (e.g., liver enzyme levels).
a technique in which people learn to use signals
from their own bodies to influence physiological functions.
natural pigments found in fruits and vegetables
that increase absorption of vitamin C.
a procedure in which a sample of cells or tissue
is taken for laboratory examination. Liver biopsies are used to monitor
liver disease progression in people with HCV.
a method of conducting clinical trials in which
participants do not know who is taking an experimental treatment, a
standard (control) treatment, or a placebo. In a blinded study, the
volunteers do not know what treatment (if any) they are receiving. In a
double-blind study, neither the volunteers nor the researchers
administering the treatment know who is receiving what. Blinding is done
to reduce bias in drug trials. In the case of medical necessity, a study
may be unblinded to reveal who is receiving what treatment. a pathogen that is transmitted through direct blood-to-blood contact, for example, through sharing dirty needles or through a blood transfusion. Blood Cell : there are three main types of cell in the blood stream :
are a type of white blood cells involved in the production of antibodies (humoral immunity). When stimulated by an antigen, they evolve into plasma cells, that produce specific antibodies against that antigen.
the infusion of blood or blood components
into an individual for the treatment of a medical condition.
Transfusions may be homologous (from a donor) or autologous (previously
stored blood from the recipient).
a measurement of body fat determined by dividing a
person's weight (in kilograms) by height (in meters squared).
healing techniques (e.g., massage therapy,
reflexology) that involve manipulating or applying pressure to the body.
the soft, spongy material inside certain long bones where blood cells are produced. Board Certified
mild mental confusion, memory loss, and/or lack of
concentration and alertness. May be a symptom of toxic chemical build-up
due to impaired liver function. See hepatic encephalopathy.
an test that measures the amount of virus (viral
load) in plasma or tissues using a chemical signal emitted by viral
genetic material. the return of detectable viral load or high ALT levels in a person who had previously achieved a good virological or biochemical treatment response. Budd-Chiari Syndrome : it's a rare disease characterized by occlusion of hepatic veins, usually accompanied by ascites, hepatomegaly, and pain in abdomen.
the emergence of newly produced virus particles
through a host cell membrane.
a test that measures the amount of a certain waste
product (nitrogen) excreted by the kidneys.
an herb traditionally used in Chinese medicine to
treat liver conditions. CCADAVER: the body of a dead person. a recently deceased person who
has donated an organ or tissue. a malignant neoplasm or tumor
characterized by abnormal cell proliferation. Types include carcinoma
(which affects epithelial cells), sarcoma (which affects soft tissues),
lymphoma and leukemia (which affect lymphoid tissue), and glioma (which
affects brain tissue). a condition that causes premature graying of the hair. Capsid : the proteic coat that covers the genome (DNA or RNA) of a virus. The capsid is built up of subunits that self assemble in a pattern typical of a particular virus.
tiny blood vessels that deliver oxygen and nutrients to and remove waste products from cells. Caput medusae: literally "Medusa's head"; dilated, varicose veins around the umbilicus, which may be seen in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.
an organic molecule composed
mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates constitutes
a major class of nutrients, and are present in foods such as bread and
pasta. an agent that promotes the
development of cancer. a malignant tumor of the
epithelial cells that line body surfaces and cavities. Carcinoma in situ
refers to an early stage of cancer that has not invaded surrounding
tissues. having to do with the heart. having to do with to the
circulatory system (the heart and blood vessels). a person who does not show
symptoms or have active disease, but who carries an infectious organism
and can transmit it to others. a description of a specific
clinical case, that is, the development of disease and response to
treatment in a single individual. non-intimate contact between
individuals (e.g., hugging, eating, working together) that does not
involve transfer of body fluids and therefore does not pose a risk for
transmission of blood-borne diseases. an FDA classification for drug
safety during pregnancy. Category A drugs have not shown a risk to
fetuses in controlled studies. Category X includes drugs which animal
and human studies or common experience have shown to cause fetal
abnormalities or miscarriages. a type of white blood cell that
helps the body fight infection. the number of CD4 lymphocytes in one cubic millimeter (mm3) of blood. The CD4 count is one indicator of the progression of HIV disease. A CD4 count below 200 cells/mm3 is a diagnostic criteria for AIDS.
a type of white blood cell that
helps regulate and/or carry out the body's immune response. CD8 cells
include T-suppressor cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. the basic unit of living
organisms. A cell contains a nucleus and a cell wall (in plants) or a
cell membrane (in animals) which surrounds the cellular material, called
cytoplasm. the U.S. federal government
agency within the Department of Health and Human Services that monitors
the occurrence of diseases and develops policies for preventing disease
and maintaining the health of the population. the brain and spinal cord.
a disorder characterized by
inflammation and cell death in arteries. having to do with the flow of
blood to the brain. Ceruloplasmin: copper transporter protein; blood levels are usually decreased in Wilson's disease.
a delivery procedure that
involves making an incision through the abdominal wall to remove an
infant from the uterus (womb). chronic fatigue immune
dysfunction syndrome. See chronic fatigue syndrome. a chemical, secreted by certain
immune system cells, that acts as a messenger between cells and
stimulates the activity of cells. a system of treatment based on
manipulation of the spine. an agent (especially an herb)
that improves bile flow. inflammation of the bile duct,
often characterized by jaundice. obstruction of the flow of bile
between the liver, the gall bladder, and the small intestine. a fatty substance in animal
tissue that is an essential component of cell membranes, certain
hormones, and nerve fiber insulation. Cholesterol is manufactured by the
liver, and is also present in certain foods. There are two primary types
of cholesterol in the blood, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which is
considered a risk factor for heart disease; and high-density lipoprotein
(HDL), which is considered protective. a long-term or persistent
disease. Contrast with acute. a condition in which HCV or HBV
continues to replicate and infect new cells after six months. an illness characterized by
prolonged fatigue, neurological problems, joint and muscle pain, and/or
impairment of the ability to function normally for six months or longer.
liver inflammation lasting
longer that six months. a type of liver damage in which
normal liver cells are replaced with fibrous scar tissue. In compensated
cirrhosis, the liver is damaged but can still function. In decompensated
cirrhosis, liver function is severely impaired and scar tissue
interferes with normal blood flow through the liver, potentially leading
to bleeding varices, ascites, "brain fog," and other symptoms. removal or elimination,
e.g., of a virus or drug from the body. relating to the treatment of
patients. A clinical observation is based on a person's observed
condition and symptoms, as distinguished from laboratory findings. an organized procedure for
determining the effectiveness of a new drug or therapy by administering
the agent to volunteers under controlled conditions. In many clinical
trials, new treatments are compared against older standard treatments or
an inactive substance (placebo). a sticky mass of coagulated
blood cells and platelets. a protein (e.g., fibrinogen, prothrombin, Factor VIII) that is necessary for normal blood clotting. Several clotting factors are synthesized by the liver and production may be impaired when the liver is damaged. People with clotting factor deficiencies may experience prolonged bleeding and easy bruising. Coagulopathy: increased bleeding tendency due to decreased hepatic synthesis of clotting factors.
an antioxidant agent that is
necessary for the proper activity of certain enzymes. a factor that influences the progression of a disease or the action of a disease-causing agent.
reduction in mental functioning
and ability to carry out tasks that require thinking, planning, and
memory. a group of individuals in a
study who share a demographic, clinical, or other characteristic. concurrent infection with more
than one disease-causing organism (e.g., HCV and HIV). a cytokine responsible for
regulating the production of white blood cells. Types include
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte macrophage
colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). breast fluid produced
during the first few days after a baby's birth (prior to milk
production) that contains proteins, immunoglobulins, and immune cells.
a state of deep unconsciousness;
a vegetative state. use of two or more drugs
together to improve the effectiveness of treatment. In HCV treatment,
the term most often refers to the use of interferon plus ribavirin.
Contrast with monotherapy. an FDA classification that
allows individuals to use experimental drugs prior to their approval for
a serious illness for which there is no other suitable treatment. an alternative therapy that is
used in conjunction with a standard Western treatment. (CBC): an inventory of the
cellular components of the blood, including red blood cell count,
hematocrit and hemoglobin, white blood cell count, and platelet count.
a method of viewing the soft
tissues of the body using X-rays. a sheath made of latex,
polyurethane, or animal membrane that is worn over the penis to hold
ejaculated semen. Condoms are used to prevent pregnancy; latex and
polyurethane condoms also protect against HIV, HCV a statistical measure of
the likelihood that an experimental result is "true" and not the result
of chance alone. heart dysfunction that leads to
a build-up of fluids in the body. inflammation of the conjunctiva,
a membrane that cover the eye and lines the eyelid. a preparation that contains a
variety of different types of interferon. birth control; a device or
method that prevents conception (fertilization), implantation, or
successful gestation. any circumstance or
condition that makes a drug or other method of treatment inadvisable in
a particular case. a comparison group in a clinical
trial that is used to verify an experimental result. A control group is
typically given an older standard treatment or a placebo rather than the
new experimental treatment under study. a clinical trial in which a
group receiving an experimental treatment is compared to a control group
that is given a standard treatment or a placebo. Roche’s brand of ribavirin. see
RIBAVIRIN. the inner part of a virus that
contains its genetic material. damage to or blockage of the
arteries that provide blood to the heart muscle. a steroid hormone (e.g.,
prednisone, cortisone) produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland or
manufactured synthetically. Corticosteroids have anti-inflammatory and
immunosuppressive properties, and are used to treat a variety of
conditions. metabolic byproduct
produced by muscles; high levels in the blood may indicate kidney
dysfunction. a type of scleroderma
characterized by a variety of different symptoms (primarily calcinosis,
Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and
telangiectasia). a condition in which
cryoglobulins form in the blood. When the blood is cooled, the
cryoglobulins clump together, causing the blood to thicken and
restricting blood flow. Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia occurs in many
people with HCV, although most do not experience symptoms. CYCLOSPORINE A - Drug marketed with trade names Sandimmune and Neoral. Given to organ transplant recipients to prevent the body from rejecting the graft. Inhibits immune system from rejecting foreign tissue.
a chemical messenger (e.g.,
interferon, interleukin, tumor necrosis factor) produced by white blood
cells. Cytokines coordinate several aspects of the immune response,
including stimulating antibody production and activating killer T-cells.
a type of CD8 white blood cell
that targets and kills cells infected with viruses, bacteria, parasites,
and other microorganisms. DDATA AND SAFETY MONITORING BOARD (DSMB): a group of experts that
evaluates clinical trials for safety and ethics. DSMBs typically examine
interim data as a trial progresses and determine whether it should be
stopped or allowed to continue. a failure of the liver to compensate for damage or injury; decrease or breakdown of liver function. a late-stage cirrhosis accompanied by abnormal blood tests and other complications. At this stage of the disease, evaluation for liver transplant becomes an option. DEHYDRATION: loss or lack of water in the
body. Dehydration may result from prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, and
may disrupt many bodily processes. a state of mental confusion,
typically acute and rapid in onset, that may be caused by factors
including disease, drug use, or high fever. chronic loss of mental capacity.
Dementia may involve progressive deterioration of thinking, memory, and
motor function, and may also be associated with personality changes and
psychological symptoms such as depression. the characteristics of a
population (e.g., sex, race, age). a double-stranded nucleic acid
that encodes genetic information. DNA is made up of four chemical
building blocks (nucleotides): adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.
a mood disorder characterized by
prolonged sadness or grief. removal of toxic (poisonous)
substances. Detoxification of the blood is an important function of the
liver. a disease caused by insufficient
insulin production or lack of responsiveness to insulin. Type 1
(insulin-dependent or juvenile-onset) diabetes results from an inability
of the body to produce insulin. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent or
adult-onset) diabetes occurs later is life and is associated with
decreased insulin production or insulin resistance. the determination of the
existence of a disease or condition. Diagnosis generally involves an
evaluation of a person's medical history, clinical symptoms, and
laboratory test results. a method for filtering waste
from the blood that replaces the function of the kidneys that are not
working properly. frequent, loose bowel movements.
Diarrhea may be caused by a variety of factors, including microorganisms
and as a side effect of certain drugs. Persistent diarrhea can lead to
dehydration and inadequate nutrient absorption. a medical professional
specializing in dietetics, the study of nutrition and the use of special
diets to prevent and treat disease. the organs (mouth, pharyrnx,
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus)
associated with ingestion and digestion of food. not having the same serostatus,
for example a couple in which one partner is HCV positive and the other
is HCV negative. an agent that increases loss of
water from the body through urination. a clinical trial in which
different doses of a drug are compared to determine which dosage has the
best balance of effectiveness and acceptable side effects. EEARLY VIROLOGICAL RESPONSE (EVR): the probability of achieving a
sustained virological response early in treatment based on the decline
in HCV RNA (viral load). The generally accepted timeframe is 12 weeks
after starting treatment. swelling caused by accumulation
of fluid in body tissues. effectiveness; the ability to
achieve a desired result. see enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay. a blood clot that travels
through the bloodstream and becomes lodged in a blood vessel, causing a
blockage. disease of the brain. See also
hepatic encephalopathy. undetectable HCV RNA at the
completion of treatment (typically Week 24 for genotypes 2 or 3; Week 48
for genotype 1). endocrine glands are ductless
glands that regulate bodily functions via hormones secreted into the
bloodstream. The endocrine system includes the hypothalamus, pituitary
gland, thyroid, adrenal glands, and gonads (ovaries and testes). a method of examining the
interior of a body cavity or hollow organ (e.g., esophagus, stomach)
using an endoscope, a narrow, flexible fiber optic instrument that
conducts light. a layer of cells that lines
blood and lymph vessels, the heart, and various body cavities. a marker of disease progression.
Endpoints may be clinical manifestations (e.g., disease symptoms, death)
or laboratory results such as ALT level or viral load (sometimes called
surrogate markers). factors used to determine
whether a person is eligible to participate in a clinical trial. See
also inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria. a protein that induces or
accelerates a chemical reaction. a laboratory test used to detect
the presence of antibodies in the blood. Eosinophils : are a type of granulocytes. They destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions (hypersensitivity). They also secrete chemical mediators that can cause bronchoconstriction in asthma.
EOT: see end-of-treatment response. the study of the frequency,
distribution, and behavior of a disease within a population. the complete elimination of an
organism from the body. a mature red blood cell.
Erythrocytes transport oxygen to the tissues of the body. a hormone produced by the
kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells. Genetically
engineered EPO (brand names Procrit, Epogen) is used to treat certain
types of anemia. the swallowing tube; the portion
of the digestive tract between the mouth and the stomach. he primary female sex hormone or
a synthetic analog. Estrogens stimulate the development of female
secondary sex characteristics and regulate the reproductive cycle in
women. conditions that disqualify
someone from participating in a clinical trial. Contrast with inclusion
criteria. the group of participants in a
clinical trial that receives the new experimental treatment under study.
a new drug that is being tested
as a treatment for a specific condition and has not yet been approved by
the FDA for use. FFACTOR VIII: a protein synthesized by the liver that is necessary for proper blood clotting.
Falciform ligament a condition in which an infant
loses or fails to gain weight and develops at a slower rate than
expected. a negative test result in a
person who in fact has the disease or condition being tested. Contrast
with false-positive. a positive test result in for a
person who in fact does not have the disease or condition being tested.
Contrast with false-negative. an involuntary muscle
contraction. a designation by the Food and
Drug Administration to help facilitate the development and to expedite
the review process for an experimental drug that has the potential to
address an unmet medical need for a serious or life-threatening
condition. unusual, prolonged, or excessive
tiredness. capable of being dissolved in
fat. Contrast water-soluble. an organic molecule made up of a hydrocarbon chain and a carboxylic acid group. Fatty acids may be saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated. Fatty liver (steatosis) : abnormal lipid increase in the liver.
a route of transmission of
infectious organisms which involves the transfer of fecal matter to the
mouth (e.g., by ingesting contaminated food or water, oral/anal sex).
excrement; excreted waste matter. Ferritin : is an iron storage protein found mainly in liver. It's released in blood, where it can be dosed, giving information on iron body storage. Higher than normal values can be seen in haemochromatosis
a condition characterized by
pain throughout the body, often accompanied by fatigue. liver damage in which fibrous
tissue develops and replaces normal cells. a factor produced by the liver
that is necessary for proper blood clotting. see granulocyte
colony-stimulating factor. a type of liver biopsy in which
a tissue sample is withdrawn using a very fine needle. a sudden, acute worsening of
disease symptoms. a group of viruses, several of
which cause diseases in humans. HCV is related to flaviviruses, and some
taxonomists consider the Hepacivirus genus to be part of the
Flaviviridae family. a vitamin necessary for red
blood cell production and proper neurological function; folic acid also
helps prevents neural tube defects in fetuses. the U.S. federal agency
responsible for regulating the development, use, and safety of drugs,
medical devices, cosmetics, and related products. The FDA approves new
experimental drugs based on the results of clinical trials. a diagram showing what foods are
included in a balanced diet. A healthy diet includes 6-11 servings of
breads and grains (the bottom level of the pyramid); 3-5 servings of
vegetables; 2-4 servings of fruit; 2-3 servings of meat, fish, beans, or
nuts; 2-3 servings of dairy products; and limited fats and oils. a molecule that contains an
unpaired electron. Free radicals are a byproduct of normal metabolism.
They are highly reactive and bind with other molecules. The "theft" of
electrons by free radicals can disrupt normal cellular processes and
cause cellular damage (oxidative stress). See also antioxidant. an unusually severe or
aggressive form of a disease. a severe, life-threatening form of hepatitis.
GGALL BLADDER: an organ beneath the liver where
bile is stored. a preparation of antibodies
injected to prevent or treat infection. Gamma globulin is used as
postexposure prevention for hepatitis A and hepatitis B. a liver enzyme. Elevated GGT
levels may indicate bile obstruction and liver damage. A normal GGT
level is 30-60 IU/L. inflammation of the stomach and
intestines. the medical specialty that deals
with the digestive system; a gastroenterologist treats digestive
diseases. having to do with the digestive
system, especially the stomach and intestines. the digestive tube consisting of
the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and
anus. the basic unit of heredity.
Genes contain hereditary information encoded in the form of DNA (or RNA
in some viruses). In animal and plant cells, genes are located on the
chromosome in a cell's nucleus. an approach to preventing or
treating disease by replacing, removing, or introducing genes, or
otherwise manipulating genetic material. a drug that is not protected by
a patent and may be produced by any manufacturer. a common name used to identify a
drug, as opposed to a brand name used by a particular company for
marketing (e.g., pegylated interferon is the generic name of the drug
marketed under the brand names Peg-Intron and Pegasys). manipulation of an organism's
genetic material to modify the proteins it produces. deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), the molecules that carry hereditary
information. the complete genetic code or
"blueprint" of an organism. the genetic makeup of an
organism. HCV has six major genotypes (designated by the numbers 1
through 6). In the U.S., genotype 1a/b is most prevalent, and also more
difficult to treat. See also quasispecies. a small capillary bed in the
kidney where blood filtration takes place. an inflammatory disorder of the
glomeruli, often due to the build-up of cryoglobulins. the conversion of glycogen to
glucose in the liver. a form of sugar that is the
body's primary fuel. The liver stores glucose after meals and releases
it again as needed. Abnormally low or high levels of glucose in the
blood may indicate a metabolic disturbance (e.g., diabetes). a human red blood cell enzyme.
G6PD deficiency can cause severe anemia. Inhibitors of endoplasmic
reticulum (ER), α-glucosidase has been shown to inhibit viral
replication and secretion. a natural antioxidant found in
the body. an amino acid; one of the
building blocks of glutathione. a carbohydrate stored in body
tissues. The liver converts glucose from food into glycogen and stores
it for later use. When needed, the liver converts glycogen back into
glucose. see licorice root. see granulocyte macrophage
colony-stimulating factor. a transplanted organ or tissue.
a type of immune system white
blood cell (e.g., neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil) that releases toxic
chemicals to kill invading microorganisms and mediate allergic
reactions. a cytokine that stimulates the
production of granulocytes. Genetically engineered G-CSF (filgrastim;
brand name Neupogen) is used to treat neutropenia. a cytokine that stimulates
growth of granulocytes and macrophages, two types of white blood cell.
Genetically engineered GM-CSF (sargramostim; brand names Leukine,
Prokine) is used to treat neutropenia. an abnormally low number of
granulocytes in the circulating blood, which may lead to an increased
risk of bacterial infection. In practice, the term is used to refer to
neutropenia. HHALF-LIFE: the time required for half of
the original amount of a drug to be eliminated from the body, or for a
drug to decrease to half its original concentration in the blood. see hepatic arterial stenosis. see hepatic arterial thrombosis. ee hepatocellular carcinoma. see hematocrit. the genetic material of the
hepatitis C virus. A detectable level of HCV RNA on a viral load test
indicates that HCV is actively replicating. a drug that inhibits the action
of a virus' helicase enzyme, thus preventing the viral genetic material
from unwinding, and interfering with viral replication. the percentage of red blood
cells in a given amount of whole blood; the hematocrit reflects the
oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. A normal hematocrit is 40-54% for
adult men and 37-47% for adult women. having to do with the blood. the production of blood cells in
the bone marrow. Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to all types of red
and white blood cells. the iron-based pigment in red
blood cells, a component of hemoglobin that is released when red blood
cells are broken down. iron overload disease; a
disease in which iron is not properly metabolized and builds up in
tissues throughout the body, especially in the liver. the red, iron-based pigment in
red blood cells that enables them to transport oxygen. Also refers to a
test of the amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells. the breakdown or destruction of
red blood cells. a low red blood cell count due
to excessive cell destruction. a hereditary disease in which a
person does not produce sufficient blood clotting factors and is prone
to prolonged bleeding. a genus of viruses that includes
HCV. having to do with the
liver; also, an herbal remedy used to treat liver conditions. narrowing of the hepatic artery.
the formation of clots in
the hepatic artery. the blood vessel that delivers
oxygen-rich blood to the liver. loss of consciousness due
to advanced liver disease. When the liver is damaged, it cannot remove
toxins from the body; these toxins build up in the bloodstream causing
brain damage and other symptoms. Hepatic coma is an indication of
advanced liver failure. impaired brain function due to
advanced liver damage; this occurs when the damaged liver can no longer
effectively filter toxins from the bloodstream. surgical removal of part of the
liver; may be done to treat liver cancer. the blood vessel that carries
filtered blood from the liver to the heart. inflammation of the liver.
Hepatitis may have various causes, including viruses, toxins, and heavy
alcohol consumption. a viral disease of the
liver that is primarily transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Symptoms
may include fever, fatigue, nausea, and jaundice. Hepatitis A typically
resolves on its own and does not become chronic. There is no standard
treatment for hepatitis A, but an effective vaccine is available. the virus that causes
hepatitis A. a viral disease of the
liver. Hepatitis B is a blood-borne disease, but may also be transmitted
sexually transmitted or vertically from mother to child. Symptoms may
include fever, fatigue, abdominal pain, jaundice, and elevated liver
enzymes. Hepatitis B becomes chronic in about 5-10% of infected adults.
Standard treatments for hepatitis B are interferon and lamivudine; an
effective vaccine is available. a preparation of
antibodies administered as postexposure prophylaxis to prevent illness
in people exposed to the hepatitis B virus. the virus that causes hepatitis
B. the virus that causes hepatitis
C. a viral disease of the liver.
Hepatitis D is caused by a blood-borne virus that only causes disease in
people already infected with hepatitis B. the virus that causes hepatitis
D. a viral disease of the
liver. Hepatitis E is spread through the fecal-oral route. The disease
is rare in the U.S., but common in Africa and Asia. It is usually mild,
but may be severe and possibly fatal in pregnant women. the virus that causes hepatitis
E. a recently discovered
blood-borne virus that appears to be related to hepatitis C. It is not
known to cause disease. a type of primary liver cancer
seen in some people with long-term liver damage due to chronic hepatitis
C or hepatitis B. concerning localized liver
cell tissue death. the medical specialty that deals
with the liver; a hepatologist treats liver disease. enlargement of the liver.
pertaining to the kidney
failure in the presence of liver disease. toxic or poisonous to the
liver. the medicinal or therapeutic use
of plants or plant products. a common viral infection that
can cause fever blisters, genital sores, and shingles. a cellular compound that is
released in response to an allergen and causes the symptoms of allergic
reactions. a histamine analog being studied
as a treatment for chronic hepatitis C. the study or examination of body
tissues. In people with HCV, histological improvement refers to improved
liver tissue health, including decreased inflammation and reduced
fibrosis or cirrhosis. an improvement in liver
tissue condition (e.g., reduced inflammation) in response to treatment. infection with the human
immunodeficiency virus, which attacks the body's immune system. AIDS is
the late, symptomatic stage of HIV disease. tumor or cancer of the
lymphatic system. an alternative healing system
based on the theory that "like cures like." Homeopathic therapy uses
extremely diluted doses of substances that normally cause the types of
symptoms being treated. the state of equilibrium of the
body to maintain a stable internal environment. a chemical messenger (e.g.,
adrenaline, testosterone) involved in the regulation and coordination of
bodily or cellular functions. Hormones may act locally or be secreted
into the bloodstream. the administration of hormones
to replace those that the body is unable to produce; typically refers to
estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. a cell infected with a virus or
other microorganism. a slow-acting retrovirus
associated with AIDS. HIV is transmitted through blood-to-blood contact,
sexual activity, or from mother to child. a genetic marker of "self" which
prevents the immune system from attacking the body's own tissues. an excess level of bilirubin in
the blood, characterized by jaundice, pale-colored stools, and dark
urine. an abnormally high level of
immunoglobulins (antibodies) in the blood. increased thyroid gland
activity and thyroid hormone overproduction a disease of the heart where
enlargement and thickening develops in one part of the heart. a low level of the blood protein
albumin. decreased thyroid gland activity
and reduced thyroid hormone production. I
IMMUNE GLOBULIN: see
antibody.
the activity of the immune
system, for example against an outside invader (e.g., bacteria, virus),
cancerous cells, or the body's own tissues (autoimmune response). the body's defense system that
protects against foreign invaders (e.g., bacteria, viruses). Some immune
defenses are nonspecific (e.g., phagocytosis), while others are directed
against specific invaders (e.g., antibody production). Organs of the
immune system include the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and tonsils. resistance to disease; the
body's ability to recognize and defend against outside invaders and
cancerous cells. Immunity may be either natural or acquired (for
example, artificially induced through a vaccine). the process by which a person is
protected against illness caused by a pathogen (e.g., bacteria, virus).
Active immunization (vaccination) involves exposing a person to antigens
to prompt the body to mount an immune response (e.g., production of
antibodies). Passive immunization involves the injection of an antibody
preparation (e.g., gamma globulin). capable of mounting an immune
response. inability of the immune system
to work properly, resulting in increased susceptibility to disease. an agent that influences the
body's immune response. see immunodeficiency. a
drug or other agent that decreases immune system function. a therapy that attempts to
modify or enhance the immune response or reconstitute a damaged immune
system. see inosine monophosphate
dehyrogenase inhibitor. the number of new cases of a
disease or condition in a specific population during a given period of
time. The incidence rate is determined by dividing the number of new
cases by the total population. Contrast with prevalence. conditions that a person must
meet in order to be eligible for a clinical trial. Contrast with
exclusion criteria. the period of time between
initial exposure to an infectious microorganism and the development of
disease symptoms. the initiation phase of a
particular treatment. Typically induction therapy uses higher or more
frequent doses of a drug. Contrast with maintenance therapy. a condition in which the body is
invaded by an infectious organism (e.g., bacteria, virus, fungus). a disease or condition that can
be transmitted from one person to another. also known as consensus interferon, is marketed for the treatment of adults with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. It is currently the only FDA approved, bio-optimized interferon developed through rational drug design and the only interferon with data in the label specifically for non-responding or refractory patients. InterMune's sales force re-launched Infergen in January 2002 with an active campaign to educate U.S. hepatologists about the safe and appropriate use of Infergen, which represents new hope for the more than 50 percent of HCV patients who fail other currently available therapies. INFLAMMATION:
the body's response to tissue injury or infection,
typically characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain. a mechanism designed to protect
subjects in clinical trials. Before entering a trial, participants must
sign a form stating that they have been given and understand important
information about the trial (including possible risks and benefits) and
voluntarily agree to take part. direct injection (e.g., of a
drug, nutrients) into the bloodstream. a person who uses an illegal
drug (e.g., heroin, cocaine) administered with a needle and syringe. The
term intravenous drug user (IVDU) is also sometimes used. an agent (e.g., ribavirin) that
interferes with the synthesis and storage of guanine, thus inhibiting
viral replication. a multidisciplinary group that
reviews and ensures the ethical conduct of clinical trials that include
human participants. a
peptide hormone produced in the pancreas that enables cells to use
glucose. Lack of or insensitivity to insulin results in diabetes. a condition in which the body's
tissues cannot properly use insulin, leading to blood sugar imbalances.
a method of analyzing the results of a clinical trial in which all participant who were originally assigned to an arm are analyzed, including those who dropped out due to treatment failure or side effects. Contrast with as-treated analysis.
a cytokine (messenger protein)
that plays a role in immune response. The three major classes of
interferon are alpha, beta, and gamma. a naturally occurring protein
produced by the immune system that interferes with viral replication.
Interferon-alpha (brand names include Intron-A, Roferon-A) is standard
treatment for HCV and is also approved for HBV. Side effects may include
flu-like symptoms, fatigue, loss of appetite, depression, and anxiety. a cytokine (chemical messenger),
secreted by immune system blood cells, that regulates a range of immune
functions. a standard unit of measurement.
an agent that interferes with
the translation of viral genetic material and thus inhibits viral
reproduction. inability
of the body to tolerate a drug, resulting in adverse side effects. an antibody preparation
administered intravenously to treat illness in a person whose own immune
system does not produce sufficient antibodies. brand name of
interferon-alpha-2b, produced by Schering-Plough. in the uterus; refers to events
that occur in the womb before birth. an FDA classification for
experimental drugs that are undergoing clinical trials to assess their
safety and effectiveness prior to marketing approval. a clinical researcher who is
involved with a clinical trial protocol and its implementation. The
Principal Investigator is ultimately responsible for the conduct of the
trial. Latin
for "in glass"; refers to studies done in a test tube or culture medium
in the laboratory. Latin for "in a living
organism"; refers to studies done using human or animal subjects. an important trace element
needed for the production of hemoglobin in red blood cells. High levels
of iron can be toxic to the liver.
the most common type of anemia, caused by a
lack of iron. a cell in the Islets of
Langerhans in the pancreas that produces insulin. J KJaundice : is a yellow coloration of eyes and skin. It's due to the build-up of a yellow pigment called bilirubin (see bilirubin). Jaundice occurs when too much bilirubin is produced (e.g. haemolitic anemia), or when there is a liver disfunction (e.g. hepatitis) or when there is a bile ducts obstruction (e.g. gallstones). KAYSER-FLEISCHER RINGS:
see Wilson’s disease. a byproduct of fat metabolism.
When the body does not have enough glucose, the liver converts fatty
acids into ketones, which are used as fuel by the muscles. one of two bean-shaped organs
located in the lower back part of the abdominal cavity. The kidneys
filter waste material from the blood and excrete urine. an accumulation of substances
(e.g., drug crystals, minerals) in the kidneys, leading to blockage and
pain. a type of macrophage that resides in the liver and ingests bacteria absorbed from the intestines. LLAMIVUDINE (3TC, brand name EPIVIR): a nucleoside analog drug used to
treat chronic hepatitis B and HIV disease. a type of liver biopsy using a
laparoscope. a procedure in which a lighted
instrument is inserted through an abdominal incision for the purpose of
diagnosis, biopsy, or surgery. the state in which a
disease-causing organism is present in the body, but not actively
replicating or causing illness. an agent that promotes bowel evacuation (defecation). Lethargy : abnormal drowsiness or stupor, a condition of indifference.
a fatty compound required for
proper metabolism. see granulocyte-macrophage
colony-stimulating factor. an immune system white blood
cell (e.g, T-cell, B-cell, neutrophil). an inflammatory disease of the
skin and mucous membranes characterized by red or purple bumps or
blotches. The cause of lichen planus is not known, but it appears to be
an autoimmune condition. an herbal remedy traditionally
used to treat diseases of the liver and bronchial conditions.
Glycyrrhizin is an active component of licorice root. a syndrome that involves
abnormal lipid metabolism and redistribution of body fat. a large organ on the upper right
side of the abdomen that plays an important role in the metabolism of
sugars and fats, synthesizes several proteins, and filters toxins from
the blood. malignant proliferation of cells
in the liver. The most common type of liver cancer in people with
chronic hepatitis is hepatocellular carcinoma. a set of blood tests that
measure levels of liver enzymes, proteins, and various other substances.
Liver function tests are used to help diagnose liver disease, assess the
degree of liver damage and determine how well treatment is working. a person who donates an
organ or part of an organ while alive to another person. one of the four anatomical
divisions of the liver; lobes are further divided into lobules. a structural unit consisting of
hepatic (liver) cells shaped like a hexagon with six portal triads
surrounding a central vein. a measure based on the
logarithmic scale that refers to quantities in factor of ten. A log
change is an exponential, or 10-fold, increase or decrease (e.g., a
change from 10 to 100 is a 1-log increase; a change from 1,000,000 to
10,000 is a 2-log decrease). Viral load is sometimes expressed in logs.
see systemic lupus
erythematosus. a small, bean-sized organ
located throughout the body, with concentrations in the neck, groin, and
armpits. Lymph nodes filter out antigens and are the site of immune cell
activation. a network of organs and vessels
that help maintain the fluid environment of the body and coordinate
immune responses. The lymphoid organs include the lymph nodes, spleen,
thymus, tonsils, and adenoids. a type of white blood cell
(e.g., T-cell, B-cell, natural killer cell) that plays a role in the
body's immune defense. MMACROPHAGE: a large scavenger white blood
cell that ingests and processes foreign invaders and cellular debris.
Specialized macrophages protect the skin, lungs (alveolar macrophages),
brain (microglia), liver (Kupffer cells), and other tissues. a sensitive, non-invasive method
for viewing soft tissues of the body using a magnetic field. therapy that follows successful
initial treatment of an illness; generally maintenance therapy continues
for a long period of time (possibly for life) to prevent disease
recurrence. Contrast with induction therapy. a group of genes that
controls the expression of cell surface protein markers (also known as
human leukocyte antigen, or HLA, markers) that allow immune cells to
recognize the body's own cells (that is, to distinguish "self" from
"non-self"). a generalized feeling of illness
and discomfort; a flu-like feeling. a cancer, neoplasm, or tumor
that grows in an uncontrolled manner, and may invade nearby tissue and
metastasize, or spread, to other areas of the body. a condition that is severe,
harmful, or resistant to treatment. Contrast with benign. lack of the minimum amount of
nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals, etc.)
necessary for good health. Malnutrition may result from poor diet, lack
of appetite, or inadequate absorption of nutrients from the
gastrointestinal tract. a statistical measurement of the
central tendency, or average, of a set of values. For example, in the
series of values "1, 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 8, 10, 21," the mean is 7
(determined by adding up all the values and dividing by the number of
values). Contrast with median. the number within a series that
is preceded and followed by an equal number of values. For example, in
the series of values "1, 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 8, 10, 21," the median is 6
(there are four values lower and four values higher). Contrast with
mean. in the United States, a
program that is funded by federal and state governments that pays for
medical care for those who can’t afford it. in the United States, a program
that pays for certain health care expenses for people 65 and older. a technique for relaxation and
clearing and focusing the mind. a large precursor blood cell
that gives rise to platelets. an acronym for Model End Stage
Liver Disease. A severity score or calculation used for adults with
liver disease to rank candidates for liver transplantation. a thin sheet or layer of tissue
that serves as a semi-permeable covering. is a condition that affects the
kidneys that is usually (but not always) associated with
cryoglobulinemia. Symptoms include weakness, edema and arterial
hypertension. (See also glomerulonephritis) a disease of the kidneys where
HCV antibodies and viral particles are deposited in the kidneys. a stage of the female
reproductive cycle. An ovum (egg) matures and is released every month.
Hormones prepare the uterus for possible implantation. If pregnancy does
not occur, the uterine lining (blood and tissue) is shed and expelled
(the menstrual period). a piece of ribonucleic acid that
carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes in order to synthesize
new proteins. the processes of building the
body's molecular structures from nutrients (anabolism) and breaking them
down for energy (catabolism). Also, the chemical processing or breakdown
of food, drugs, and toxins. a disease (especially cancer)
that spreads from one part of the body to another. an oral opiate-like drug used
for pain management and to treat opiate (e.g., heroin) addiction.
Methadone maintenance therapy prevents withdrawal symptoms by
administering small doses of the drug on a regular basis. the most widely used herbal
remedy to treat chronic hepatitis. Silymarin is a combination of active
components derived from milk thistle. Studies suggest that milk thistle
can reduce hepatitis symptoms and helps prevent liver damage. an inorganic element that
promotes chemical reactions within the body and is necessary for proper
cellular metabolism. Essential minerals include calcium, iodine, iron,
magnesium, potassium, and zinc. a pregnancy that ends
prematurely and is not carried to term. a rod-shaped organelle in the
cytoplasm of a cell that produces energy. see major histocompatibility
complex. a small unit of matter made up
of atoms. A molecule is the smallest unit of a substance that retains
its unique characteristics. a preparation consisting of
identical antibodies active against a specific pathogen. a large white blood cell that
plays a role in immune defense. Monocytes circulate in the bloodstream;
when they migrate to the tissues, they mature into macrophages. having a single spouse; more
often used to refer to having a single sexual partner. use of a single drug for
treatment. Monotherapy for HCV (interferon alone) is no longer
considered standard treatment. Contrast with combination therapy. a condition affecting the eyes
causing pain, inflammation, tearing and loss of sight. death. The mortality rate is the
rate of death in a given population. in traditional Chinese medicine,
the burning of an herb (moxa) to generate heat and stimulate the flow of
qi. a moist layer of semi-permeable
tissue lining the openings of the body (e.g., the gastrointestinal,
respiratory, and genitourinary tracts). occurring at more that one
site. a form of cancer of the bone
marrow that causes anemia, infections, and bleeding. a statistical analysis that
takes into account several different factors or variables. a nutritional supplement that
contains several different essential vitamins and minerals. a change in the character of a
gene that is perpetuated when a cell divides or a virus replicates. a white fatty substance that
forms a sheath around the axons of neurons (nerve cells) and provides
the insulation necessary for the proper transmission of electrical
impulses. inhibition of the bone marrow,
resulting in decreased blood cell production. poisonous to or destructive of
the bone marrow. blockage of the arteries serving the heart, often leading to angina pectoris and/or heart attack. Myoglobin : is a oxygen store protein found in muscles.
NNAC: see n-acetyl-cysteine.
a form of the animo acid
cysteine that is available as a nutritional supplement. NAC is used to
prevent liver damage due to acetaminophen overdose. inexperienced. Often used
to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug, or to an
undifferentiated immune system cell. a large biomedical research
organization that is part of the U.S. Public Health Service. The NIH
includes several institutes, centers, and divisions. The National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and the National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) conduct
research on viral hepatitis. a type of white blood cell that
attacks and kills tumor cells and cells infected with microorganisms.
a system of natural healing
based on the philosophy that the body has the ability to cure itself.
stomach distress characterized
by an aversion to food and an urge to vomit. tissue inflammation and
death. a newborn, especially within the
first days or weeks after birth. a tumor or growth; tissue
that develops abnormally or cells that proliferate more rapidly than
normal. A benign neoplasm (e.g., a wart) is localized and does not
spread to other tissues; a malignant neoplasm (cancer) can spread to
other parts of the body. the property of being poisonous
or harmful to the kidneys. see granulocyte
colony-stimulating factor. nerve damage or disease. an abnormally low number of
neutrophils, resulting in increased susceptibility to infection. the most common type of
immune system white blood cell. Neutrophils are phagocytes that engulf
and destroy invading organisms such as bacteria and fungi. an application made by a drug
manufacturer to the FDA to request marketing approval for a new drug.
See National Institutes of
Health. cancer of lymphoid tissues. a device or procedure that does
not require puncturing the skin. an antiviral drug that
suppresses viral replication by interfering with the action of the
reverse transcriptase enzyme. a chemical formerly used as a
spermicide and microbicide. Recent studies have shown that nonoxynol-9
causes tissue damage and may increase the risk of STD transmission. person who does not show
improvement while undergoing treatment. In HCV, a nonresponder does not
achieve normal ALT levels or an undetectable viral load. a drug (e.g., aspirin,
acetaminophen, ibuprofen) that relieves pain and reduces inflammation by
blocking the body's production of prostaglandins. see non-nucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitor. ee nucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitor. see nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drug. see nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Nuclear Envelope : a membrane system that surrounds the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Consists of inner and outer membranes, separated by perinuclear space and perforated by nuclear pores.
a drug that mimics a
nucleoside, one of the building blocks of genetic material (DNA or RNA).
NRTIs suppress viral replication by interfering with the action of the
reverse transcriptase enzyme, causing premature termination of new
chains of genetic material. an agent that promotes proper
growth and metabolism. the process by which living organisms digest and metabolize food to use for maintenance and growth of tissues. OOFF-LABEL: use of an
FDA-approved drug for an indication other than that for which it was
approved. ONCOGEN: an agent that
promotes neoplastic cell growth, or cancer. ONCOGENESIS:
the development and growth of cancer. ONCOLOGIST: a physician who specializes in the treatment of cancer. ONCOLOGY: the study and
treatment of cancer. OPEN-LABEL: a drug
trial which is not randomized and not blinded; both participants and
investigators know what drug is being tested and what dosages are being
used. OPIATE (NARCOTIC): a class of
drugs (e.g., heroin, codeine, methadone) that are derived from the opium
poppy or produced synthetically and have opium-like effects. Opiate
drugs relieve pain, dull the senses, and induce sleep. OPPORTUNISTIC ILLNESS (OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION, OI) : an illness
or infection that does not normally occur in a person with a healthy
immune system, but affects immunocompromised persons. ORAL:
relating to the mouth; taken by mouth. ORGANIC FOOD: food
that is grown naturally without the use of chemical fertilizers,
pesticides, or other artificial intervention. OSTEOARTHRITIS: degenerative
joint disease. OTC:
see over-the-counter. OVER-THE-COUNTER (OTC): drugs that are
available without a prescription. OXIDATIVE STRESS: increased levels of free radicals in the body, potentially leading to cell damage and death.
P QPALLIATIVE: offering
symptomatic relief and comfort care (e.g., alleviation of pain) rather
than a cure. PALLOR:
paleness. PANCREAS: a digestive
gland in the abdominal cavity that secretes digestive enzymes. PANCREATITIS: inflammation
of the pancreas. PANCYTOPENIA: an abnormally
low level of all types of blood cells, typically due to bone marrow
damage. PARACENTESIS: a procedure to
remove fluid that has accumulated in the abdominal cavity—a condition
called ascites. PARACETOMAL:
see acetaminophen PARENTERAL: nutrients
given by injection into a vein, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract.
PATHOGEN (adjective PATHOGENIC): any
disease-causing agent, especially a microorganism (bacteria, virus,
fungus, parasite).
PATHOGENESIS: the development and progression of a disease. PATHOLOGY (adjective PATHOLOGIC): the study of
disease, including the causes, development, and progression of disease,
and how the body is affected. PCR:
see polymerase chain reaction. PEAK LEVEL: the highest
level of drug reached in the body after a dose is taken. Contrast with
trough level. PEGASYS: brand
name of pegylated interferon-alpha-2a, produced by Roche Laboratories.
PEGINTERFERON: see pegylated interferon. PEG-INTRON: brand name of
pegylated interferon-alpha-2b, produced by Schering-Plough. PEGYLATED INTERFERON (PEGINTERFERON): developed form
of interferon that has a long half-life in the body and can be injected
less often (typically once per week). Pegylated interferon (brand names
Peg-Intron, Pegasys) appears superior to standard interferon as a
treatment for HCV. PEGYLATION: a process in
which polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules are attached to proteins in
order to extend their activity in the body. PEI:
see percutaneous ethanol injection.
PERCUTANEOUS: through the skin. PERCUTANEOUS ETHANOL INJECTION: a
treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma in which ethanol (alcohol) is
injected into the tumor.
PERIHEPATITIS: inflammation of the lining of the liver. PERINATAL: the period
around the time of birth. PERINATAL TRANSMISSION: see
vertical transmission. PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY: damage to the
peripheral nerves, usually involving the feet and hands. PERITONEUM: the thick
membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the visceral organs.
PERITONITIS: inflammation
of the peritoneum. PERNICIOUS ANEMIA: a type
of anemia caused by the inability of the intestine to absorb vitamin
B12, which is needed to produce red blood cells. PHAGOCYTE: a scavenger
cell that engulfs and destroys invading pathogens (phagocytosis). PHARMACEUTICAL: having
to do with the development and manufacture of drugs, or to a
manufactured drug. PHARMACOKINETICS: the action of
drugs in the body, including the processes of absorption, metabolism,
distribution to tissues, and elimination. PHARMACOLOGY: the science of
drugs, their sources, and how they work. PHASE I TRIAL: the first
stage of human testing of a new treatment. Phase I trials evaluate drug
pharmacokinetics, safety, and toxicity at different dose levels,
typically in a small number of healthy volunteers. PHASE II TRIAL: the second
stage of the evaluation of a new treatment in humans. Phase II trials
evaluate safety and preliminary efficacy in a larger number of
participants than Phase I studies. PHASE III TRIAL: the
third stage of human testing of an experimental treatment. Phase III
trials are designed to determine the efficacy of a treatment, often by
comparing it to an existing standard therapy or a placebo. PHASE IV TRIAL: post-marketing
studies done after a new treatment is approved and offered for sale.
These trials provide additional information about safety and efficacy in
large numbers of patients under "real world" conditions. PHLEBOTOMY:
withdrawal of blood from a vein. PHOTOSENSITIVITY: an increased
sensitivity to light, which may lead to easy sunburning and other
adverse effects. PHYLLANTHUS: tropical plant
species that traditionally have been used to treat liver conditions. PIGMENT:
a substance responsible for the color of bodily tissues. PLACEBO: an inert,
inactive agent (e.g., pill, injection) that has no treatment value. PLACEBO ARM: the group of
participants in a clinical trial that receives an inactive substance
(placebo). PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL: a clinical
trial in which a group receiving an inactive substance or mock therapy
(placebo) is compared to a group receiving the experimental treatment.
PLACEBO EFFECT: a change
in symptoms or disease progression associated with the treatment process
itself, rather than the actual therapeutic value of a treatment. PLACENTA: the organ that
connects the fetus and the mother's uterus and enables the exchange of
oxygen, nutrients, and waste products. PLASMA: the fluid,
non-cellular portion of circulating blood. See also serum. PLASMAPHERESIS: a procedure in
which certain components are removed from the blood plasma. PLATELET:
see thrombocyte. PLATELET COUNT: The number of
platelets in the blood. People with advanced liver disease may have
reduced platelet counts, resulting in easy bleeding. A normal platelet
count is 130,000-400,000/mcl. PNEUMONITIS:
lung inflammation. PO:
taken by mouth. POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR): a highly
sensitive test that uses an amplification technique to detect small
amounts of genetic material (DNA or RNA) in a blood or tissue sample.
POLYMERASE INHIBITOR: an agent that
inhibits viral replication by interfering with the polymerase enzyme.
PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA: a condition in
which porphyrins build up in the body leading to symptoms including
increased photosensitivity, skin damage, and discoloration. PORPHYRIN: a metabolic
byproduct of hemoglobin production. PORTAL HYPERTENSION: high blood
pressure in the portal vein that carries blood to the liver, caused by
the development of fibrous scar tissue (cirrhosis) in the liver. PORTAL SYSTEM: a series of
veins from the small and large intestines, stomach, and spleen that join
into the portal vein and are carried into the liver. PORTAL VEIN: the
blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood from the intestines to the
liver for filtering. POSTEXPOSURE PREVENTION (POSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS, PEP): treatment
given immediately following exposure to an infectious organism in an
attempt to prevent the infection from taking hold in the body.
POST-MARKETING STUDY: see Phase IV trial. POSTNATAL
(POSTPARTUM): the period following birth. POTASSIUM: an element and
electrolyte responsible for the body’s growth and maintenance. POWER: a statistical
term used to describe the ability of a clinical trial to detect a
particular result. Generally the power of a study increases as more
participants are included or as the trial continues for a longer period
of time. PRANA: in
Ayurveda, the body's vital energy. PRECLINICAL RESEARCH: l aboratory and
animal studies on an experimental treatment prior to clinical trials in
humans. PRENATAL: the period
preceding birth, during which the fetus develops in the uterus. PREVALENCE (also PREVALENCE RATE): the number of
individuals with a condition in a specific population. The prevalence
rate is determined by dividing the number of people with the condition
by the total population. Contrast with incidence. PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIAN: a physician
who is responsible for the overall long term health maintenance of a
patient. PRINCIPLE INVESTIGATOR: the chief
researcher conducting a clinical trial. PROCRIT:
see erythropoietin. PRODRUG: a compound
that is converted to an active drug within the body. PROGESTERONE: a female
hormone with anti-estrogen effects. Progesterone prepares the uterus for
the development of the fertilized ovum and maintains the uterus
throughout pregnancy. PROGNOSIS (adjective PROGNOSTIC): a forecast of
the probable course or outcome of a disease. PROGRESSION:
development of a disease over time. PROKINE: see
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. PROPHYLAXIS: a measure
taken to prevent a disease or condition. PROSPECTIVE STUDY: a clinical
trial in whichparticipants are selected and their progression is
followed over time. Contrast with retrospective study. PROTEASE INHIBITOR: an agent that
inhibits viral replication by interfering with the virus' protease
enzyme. PROTEIN: a complex
organic compound consisting of a sequence of amino acids folded in a
specific configuration. Proteins are major components of living cells
and are essential for bodily growth and repair. PROTHROMBIN: a protein
synthesized by the liver that is necessary for proper blood clotting. PROTHROMBIN TIME (PT): a measure of
blood clotting time. People with advanced liver disease may have a
slower than normal PT. A normal PT is 10-12 seconds. PROTOCOL: a written plan
for a clinical trial, which typically includes details such as the
hypothesis to be tested, who can participate, length of the trial, how
the treatment under study will be administered, endpoints, and potential
risks and benefits. PRURITUS
(adjective PRURITIC): itchiness. PSORIASIS: a skin
condition characterized by scaling and red patches, due to the
overproduction of skin cells. PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS: a form
of rheumatoid arthritis associated with psoriasis. PSYCHOSIS:
a serious mental illness. PSYCHOSOCIAL: a term used to
refer to factors that affect the psychological or social realm.
Psychosocial factors (e.g., socioeconomic status, education, family
situation) can have an important effect on disease risk and progression
and are an essential aspect of a person's well-being. PSYCHOTHERAPY: treatment of
mental problems with non-medical therapies, in particular counseling. PSYCHOTROPIC: a drug that
affects psychological or mental functioning or behavior. PULMONARY FIBROSIS: the
development of fibrous tissue in the lungs. PT:
patient. PURPURA: see
thrombocytopenic purpura. PURULENT: characterized
by the accumulation of pus. PUS: a thick,
greenish-yellow fluid composed of dead white blood cells, killed
microorganisms, and other cellular debris. P-VALUE: a measure of
probability that is reported with clinical trial results. The p-value
indicates the likelihood the result obtained are due to chance alone.
Traditionally, a p-value of less than .05 is considered statistically
significant, or not likely due to chance alone. See also confidence
interval. PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOID: a hepatotoxic component found in plants of the Crotalaria, Senecio, and Heliotropium families.
Q: medical
abbreviation for every, often used to specify drug dosing schedules
(e.g., q6h means every 6 hours). QI (CHI):
the vital
energy believed to be responsible for health and disease in traditional
Chinese medicine. QIGONG:
a form of
traditional Chinese exercise that promotes the healthy flow of qi.
QUALITATIVE: relating
to, or expressed in terms of, quality. A qualitative viral load test
measures the presence of a virus.
QUANTITATIVE: relating
to, or expressed in terms of, quantity. A quantitative viral load test
measures the amount of viral genetic material.
Quasispecies : the genetic heterogeneity of viral population within an infected individual.
R
SSALVAGE THERAPY: emergency treatment with
experimental drugs for an illness that does not respond to standard
therapy. an autoimmune condition
characterized by granulomas (small nodules of cells); the condition may
affect the lungs, skin, eyes, liver, and other organs. a plant used in traditional
Chinese and Russian medicine to treat liver conditions. an autoimmune condition
characterized by hardened skin and connective tissue. a burst of abnormal electrical
activity in the brain. a psychotropic drug (e.g.,
Prozac, Zoloft) used to relieve depression; SSRI drugs act by moderating
levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin. a trace mineral that acts as an
antioxidant. male ejaculatory fluid
containing sperm and various proteins. the ability of an organism to
respond to a drug or other agent. Sensitivity also refers to a
statistical measure of the accuracy of a screening test, that is, how
likely a test is to label as positive those who have a disease or
condition. Contrast with specificity. the development of antibodies
against a pathogen; the change in a person's antibody status from
negative to positive. lack of antibodies against a
pathogen in the blood. presence of antibodies against a
pathogen in the blood. the presence or absence of
antibodies against a pathogen in the blood. the fluid, noncellular portion
of blood that remains after coagulation; lymphatic fluid. See also
plasma. a disease (e.g., chlamydia,
gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, HIV) that is transmitted through sexual
contact. serum oxaloacetic
transaminase. See aspartate aminotransferase. serum glutamic pyruvic
transaminase. See alanine aminotransferase. release of infectious
particles (e.g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment. a traditional herbal liver
formula containing bupleurum. Sialadenitis is an inflammatory
disease that causes dry mouth and eyes and is associated with hepatitis
C infection. Sialadenitis destroys the salivary glands. see adverse reaction. an active component of milk
thistle. cavities through hepatic or
liver tissue allowing exchange of nutrients and other substances between
blood and hepatocytes (liver cells). an autoimmune disorder in which
the immune system attacks fluid-producing exocrine glands, leading to
dry eyes, mouth, vagina, etc. an element and electrolyte and a
component of salt that helps to regulate cell fluid balance. a statistical measure of the
accuracy of a screening test, that is, how likely a test is to label as
negative those who do not have a disease or condition. Contrast with
sensitivity. a mass of visible veins on the
skin surface; may be a symptom of chronic liver damage. an immune system organ located
in the abdominal cavity. The spleen produces blood cell in the fetus,
and later removes old red blood cells and platelets from circulation.
enlargement of the spleen. bacterial infection of ascitic
fluid in the abdominal cavity. see selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitor. the earliest stage of liver
damage, characterized by liver inflammation without fibrosis or
cirrhosis. a stage of liver damage
characterized by fibrosis in a single area of the liver. a stage of liver damage
characterized by fibrosis in adjacent areas of the liver. the most advanced stage of liver
damage, characterized by cirrhosis and loss of normal liver
architecture. the type of interferon-alpha
traditionally used to treat HCV. Brand names include Intron-A and
Roferon-A. See also pegylated interferon. the level of care that all
persons with a particular illness should receive; the level below which
care would be considered substandard. the best or most widely
used currently available treatment for a disease. the probability that a clinical
trial result is not due to chance alone. In general, a result of a
clinical trial is considered statistically significant if there is a
less than 5% probability that the difference observed would occur by
chance alone if the treatments being compared were equally effective.
buildup of fat tissue in the
liver. narrowing or tightening of an
opening or passage in the body. a family of substances that
share a similar chemical structure, including certain hormones (e.g.,
testosterone) and various drugs. interruption of the normal flow
of blood to the brain due to a blood clot or hemorrhage. Lack of blood
flow can lead to brain damage (resulting in symptoms such paralysis) and
death. disease symptoms that are too
subtle to be noticed by a patient, but may be apparent in laboratory
results. underneath the skin; usually
refers to a drug injected under the skin. a volunteer participant in a
clinical trial. a drug dosage that is too low to
be effective. a genetic variation of an
organism. Subtypes are a more narrow classification than genotypes, but
broader than quasispecies. Genotype 1 HCV is divided into subtypes 1a
and 1b. the acquisition of a second
infection while a previous infection is still present. an enzyme that destroys
free radicals. a nutrient, usually in pill
form, taken in addition to the normal diet. a group of peers with a common
condition that meet for mutual emotional support or education. vulnerable to or
potentially able to contract a disease. Also refers to a microorganism
that is vulnerable or sensitive to the effects of a drug. a person who maintains a
long-term response to treatment. In HCV, a sustained responder has a
long-term response (e.g., normal ALT levels, undetectable HCV RNA) that
persists after treatment is stopped. continued undetectable viral
load 24 weeks after the completion of therapy (typically Week 48 for
genotypes 2 or 3; Week 72 for genotype 1). continued undetectable viral
load 12 weeks after the completion of therapy. any perceptible change in the
anatomy or function of the body that indicates the presence of a disease
or condition. showing outward signs or
symptoms of a disease. a set of symptoms or disease
manifestations that occur together. an interaction between drugs
that produces an effect greater than the expected additive effect of the
different drugs used separately. The interaction of two or more
drugs such that their combined effect is greater than the sum of the
individual effects when each drug is administered alone. an autoimmune disease
characterized by inflammation of connective tissue throughout the body,
especially in the joints. productiona blood test that detects the presence of antibodies to a particular antigen (e.g. anti-HCV test). TTACE: see transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. TACROLIMUS (FK506) - Drug marketed with trade name Prograf. Given to organ transplant recipients to prevent the body from rejecting the graft. Inhibits immune system from rejecting foreign tissue.
a traditional Chinese exercise
that promotes the health flow of qi. an amino acid synthesized by the
liver that is necessary for many bodily functions. a type of immune system white
blood cell. an HCV protease inhibitor under
development by Vertex to treat hepatitis C. causing birth defects or
malformation of the fetus. the primary male sex hormone or
a synthetic analog. Testosterone stimulates the development of male
secondary sex characteristics and the production of sperm. a type of blood cell responsible
for normal blood clotting. a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood, resulting in the potential for increased bleeding and decreased ability for clotting. It can occur in cirrhotic patients, when splenomegaly is present
a condition caused by a lack of
platelets. Small blood vessels under the skin bleed, resulting in
purplish discolorations. a cytokine that stimulates the
production of platelets. development of blood clots
within blood vessels or the heart. a hormone produced by the thymus
gland or a synthetic substance that has a similar effect. Thymic factors
help promote immune system activity, and are under study as a treatment
for HCV. Factors include thymosin, thymopentin, and thymopoietin. a thymic factor under study as a
treatment for chronic HCV. a gland in the chest that plays
an important role in immune system function; the gland is active in
children, but less so in adults. an organ at base of the neck
that produces thyroxin and other hormones involved in regulating
metabolism. (adjective TOXIC): the quality of being poisonous
or harmful; often used to refer to drug side effects. a substance needed in very small
amounts for the proper functioning of the body. an ancient Asian system of
healing that focuses on achieving internal balance. TCM practitioners
use methods such as acupuncture, moxibustion, herbal formulas, and
exercises such as t'ai chi and qigong to restore the flow of qi (vital
energy) within the body. a recently developed, highly
sensitive viral load test. the transfer of blood or blood
components from one individual to another (or back to the donor, in the
case of autologous transfusion). a type of liver biopsy in which
a sample is taken through the jugular vein in the neck. spread of a pathogenic organism
from one person to another. surgical transfer of an organ
from one person to another. a person who has had prior
treatment for a particular condition. a person who has not had prior
treatment for a particular condition. a favorable outcome from
therapy. Several different measures are used to describe HCV treatment
response, including biochemical response, histological response,
end-of-treatment response, and sustained virological response. an organic compound made up of a
fatty acid plus glycerol. the lowest level of a drug
reached between doses. Contrast with peak level. a type of T-cell that helps to
regulate and control immune system activity. an abnormal growth of cells.
Tumors may be malignant (cancerous) or benign (harmless). brand name of a combination
hepatitis A/hepatitis B vaccine.
UULTRA-RAPID VIROLOGICAL RESPONSE (URVR): undetectable HCV RNA at Week 2
of treatment. a method of visualizing the internal parts of the body, or a fetus within the uterus, using sound waves. Ultrasound Guided Biopsy : is the use of ultrasound imaging to guide a biopsy needle to obtain a sample of tissue for analysis by a pathologist. UNBLINDED: see blinding.
a clinical trial in which
all participants receive the experimental treatment and none receive a
standard treatment or placebo for comparison. a term used to describe a viral
load (amount of viral RNA) that is below the level of detection of the
test being used. a statistical analysis that
takes into account a single factor or variable. techniques used by
health-care providers (e.g., use of gloves and face masks, proper
disposal of used syringes) to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
(United Network of Organ
Sharing): a non-profit organization that runs the Organ Procurement and
Transplant Network which oversees the fair distribution of organs for
transplantation. a bile acid derived from bears that is being studied as a treatment for HCV. ULTRASOUND EXAMINATION - A test that utilizes ultrasound waves to bounce off internal organs of the body to construct a picture used by physicians as a non-invasive study of the liver. VVACCINE: a preparation administered to
stimulate an immune response to protect a person from illness. A vaccine
typically includes a small amount of a killed or inactivated
microorganism, or genetically engineered pieces. A therapeutic
(treatment) vaccine is given after infection and is intended to reduce
or stop disease progression. A preventive (prophylactic) vaccine is
intended to prevent initial infection. an HCV polymerase inhibitor
under study to treat chronic HCV. bleeding from stretched and
weakened blood vessels, especially in the esophagus or stomach. an abnormally dilated or swollen
vein, artery, or lymph vessel resulting from portal hypertension. Any of the membranous tubes that
form a branching system and carry blood to the heart from other organs. a type of hepatitis caused by a
virus. The most common types are hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis
C. the amount of virus in the blood
or other tissues, usually expressed in terms of copies of viral genetic
material (RNA or DNA). The presence of genetic material indicates that a
virus is actively replicating. an assay that measures viral
load; the bDNA, PCR, and TMA tests are most often used to determine HCV
viral load. see virological response. a prodrug of ribavirin under
study to treat chronic HCV. the presence of a virus in the
blood. a single virus particle, complete with coat.
failure of a treatment to
suppress a virus. reduction in viral replication
in response to treatment. In HCV, a complete virological response means
that a person's HCV RNA becomes undetectable with treatment. the study of viruses and
diseases caused by viruses. aggressiveness, ability to cause
disease. a microscopic infectious
organism that is unable to grow or replicate outside of a host cell.
Viruses integrate their genetic material (DNA or RNA) into a host cell
and take over the cell's biological mechanisms to reproduce new virus
particles. an organic substance that acts
as a coenzyme or regulator of metabolic processes; vitamins are crucial
for many vital bodily functions. a fat-soluble vitamin
synthesized from beta carotene within the body that has antioxidant
properties and is important for proper immune system functioning. Excess
vitamin A can be toxic to the liver. a complex of several important
vitamins including B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B6
(pyridoxine), and B12 (cobalamin). a vitamin needed for red blood
cell production and DNA synthesis and repair. Vitamin B12 deficiency may
result in anemia, neurological dysfunction, and changes in mental
status. an antioxidant vitamin that
protects cells from oxidative damage. Vitamin C deficiency may result in
poor healing, easy bruising and anemia. a fat-soluble vitamin that is
important for mineral metabolism and which may play a role in immune
function. Excess vitamin D can be toxic to the liver. an antioxidant vitamin that
protects cell membranes from oxidative damage. a substance important for blood
clotting. see bioflavinoid. a condition in which there is
loss of pigmentation – usually around the mouth, eyes, nose, elbows,
knees and wrists. an HCV protease inhibitor under
study to treat chronic HCV. W X Y ZWASHOUT PERIOD: the time it takes for a
drug to be cleared from the body after it is discontinued. a condition characterized by
atrophy of lean body mass and involuntary weight loss. capable of being dissolved in
water. Contrast with fat-soluble. brand name of lymphoblastoid
interferon-alpha-n1, produced by GlaxoSmithKline. an antibody test used to confirm
a positive ELISA test for HIV. allopathic medicine; the type of
medical practice typically used in North America and Western Europe.
White Blood Cells (WBCs) : see leukocytes. Wild Type : the naturally-occurring, normal, non-mutated version of a gene or of an organism. Wilson's disease: inherited metabolic disorder in which copper accumulates in the liver and in the central nervous system, causing hepatitis, cirrhosis, and neuropsychiatric symptoms a hereditary disorder affecting copper metabolism.WINDOW PERIOD: the time between exposure to a
microorganism and the production of sufficient antibodies to be detected
on a test. XENOGRAFT (XENOTRANSPLANT): a transplant of an organ or tissue from a different species. ZADAXIN: see
thymosin-alpha. an essential trace mineral. AHC: Acute Hepatitis C
AFP: Alpha-FetoProtein
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